what can a phd in philosophy do for you

What can I do with a phd in philosophy?

What Can I Do with a PhD in Philosophy?

Obtaining a PhD in Philosophy is a significant accomplishment, requiring years of dedication, hard work, and a deep understanding of complex philosophical concepts. While some may assume that a PhD in Philosophy only leads to an academic career, the truth is that the skills and knowledge gained through this degree can be applied to a wide range of careers beyond academia. In this article, we’ll explore the various options available to those with a PhD in Philosophy.

Academic Pursuits

While it’s true that many philosophers pursue careers in academia, a PhD in Philosophy can lead to numerous opportunities in higher education. Here are a few paths to consider:

• Teaching and Research : As a philosophy professor, you can teach courses in Philosophy, Ethics, or Logic, and conduct research in a specific area of expertise.
• Graduate Programs : With a PhD in Philosophy, you can pursue a career in graduate programs, designing and teaching courses, and advising students.
• Postdoctoral Research Positions : Many institutions offer postdoctoral research positions, allowing you to continue research and publishing in a specific field.

Non-Academic Careers

While many philosophers do indeed pursue academia, a PhD in Philosophy can also lead to a wide range of non-academic careers:

• Business and Consulting : Philosophical skills , such as critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and problem-solving, are highly valuable in business and consulting. With a PhD in Philosophy, you can bring these skills to the corporate world.
• Publishing and Editing : Many publishing houses and journals rely on academics to review and edit content. Your expertise in Philosophy can be applied to the publishing industry.
• Writing and Journalism : Philosophers are skilled writers and thinkers, making them a great fit for careers in journalism, writing, and publishing.
• Law and Policy : A PhD in Philosophy can be applied to law and policy, particularly in areas like ethics, legal theory, and critical thinking.

Other Careers

A PhD in Philosophy can also lead to careers outside of academia and writing:

• Healthcare and Medicine : Philosophers can bring their analytical skills to the field of healthcare, working in ethics, medical ethics, or research.
• Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence : With a strong background in logic and critical thinking, philosophers can excel in computer science and AI, particularly in areas like ethics and artificial intelligence ethics.
• Government and Non-Profit : A PhD in Philosophy can be applied to government and non-profit sectors, particularly in areas like policy analysis, program evaluation, and ethics.
• International Relations and Diplomacy : Philosophers can bring a unique perspective to international relations, examining complex global issues and conflicts through a philosophical lens.

Transferable Skills

One of the most significant benefits of earning a PhD in Philosophy is the development of transferable skills, such as:

• Critical thinking : The ability to analyze complex information, identify patterns, and draw conclusions.
• Analytical thinking : The capacity to break down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts, and solve them effectively.
• Communication : Strong writing and public speaking skills, allowing you to effectively convey complex ideas to various audiences.
• Problem-solving : The ability to approach problems from multiple angles and develop innovative solutions.
• Research skills : The ability to design and conduct research, analyze data, and draw meaningful conclusions.

In conclusion, a PhD in Philosophy offers a range of career opportunities, far beyond academia. Whether you choose to pursue an academic career or venture into non-academic fields, the skills and knowledge gained through this degree can be applied to a wide range of industries and sectors. By recognizing the value of a PhD in Philosophy, you can unlock a world of possibilities and achieve your career goals.

Table: PhD in Philosophy Career Paths

Bulleted List: Transferable Skills

• Critical thinking • Analytical thinking • Communication • Problem-solving • Research skills

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Top 15 Philosophy Degree Jobs

By Priya Jain

Published: December 19, 2023

Are you intrigued by the pursuit of profound questions and the exploration of complex matters related to human existence and ethics? Do you possess a deep passion for philosophical inquiry and contemplation? If you find yourself drawn to the world of philosophy, you might be curious about the practical career prospects that await you. 

Whether you are a philosophy enthusiast considering your academic path or a seasoned professional looking to make a career change, this comprehensive guide will inspire and inform you on your next steps.

Let’s quickly go over the top 15 philosophy degree jobs you can choose from:

• Philosophy Professor
• Ethical Consultant
• Policy Analyst
• Journalist/Writer
• Content Strategist
• Nonprofit/NGO Work
• Human Resources Specialist
• Research Analyst
• Publisher/Editor
• Education Administrator
• Social Media Manager
• Marketing Analyst
• Entrepreneur

1. Philosophy Professor

As a Philosophy Professor, you’ll be an esteemed educator and researcher who imparts knowledge and critical thinking skills to students at the post-secondary level. This profession is intellectually stimulating and rewarding, offering opportunities to shape young minds and contribute to academic research.

As a Philosophy Professor

Your job involves inspiring intellectual growth in students through engaging lectures and mentoring, conducting groundbreaking research to contribute to the academic discourse, and providing ethical guidance both within academia and in the broader community. You design and update curricula, collaborate with interdisciplinary colleagues, and engage in public philosophy to promote philosophical awareness in society. In leadership roles, you help shape departmental policies and foster diversity and inclusion. 

Your role as a Philosophy Professor remains pivotal in nurturing the next generation of ethical and philosophical thinkers while advancing the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding.

• Intellectual Fulfillment : Engaging with deep philosophical concepts and guiding students in their academic journey can be immensely satisfying.
• Job Security : Tenure-track positions offer stability and long-term job security.
• Flexible Work Hours : While there are responsibilities like teaching schedules, Philosophy Professors often have flexibility in their daily routines, allowing them to conduct research and work on projects during self-designated hours.
• Research Opportunities : Professors have access to academic resources, libraries, and opportunities to collaborate with other scholars, enabling further research and publications.

Working Conditions

Philosophy Professors typically have varying working conditions based on the institution, field of study, and their own responsibilities. They often have a combination of teaching, research, and administrative duties. Their schedules can include classroom hours, office hours, and meetings with students or colleagues. 

Professors are also expected to conduct research, publish papers, and contribute to their academic field. Additionally, they might serve on committees, participate in academic events, and provide academic advising. The workload and balance between these activities can differ, impacting their overall working conditions.

Further Studies

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in a Philosophical Subfield: Further specialization within philosophy can lead to expertise in areas such as ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of science, or philosophy of mind. This advanced degree can enhance one’s teaching and research capabilities as a Philosophy Professor.
• Doctor of Theology (Th.D.): This degree can enable Philosophy Professors to teach philosophy of religion, ethics in theology, or engage in interdisciplinary work at the intersection of philosophy and theology.
• Master of Public Policy (MPP) or Master of Public Administration (MPA): Philosophy Professors can study public policy and administration to contribute to policy analysis, ethics in public policy, or public sector leadership.

What Skills Make You a Strong Candidate

A strong candidate for a Philosophy Professor possesses a profound understanding of philosophical theories and concepts, enabling them to engage in rigorous inquiry and contribute meaningfully to the field. 

Effective communication skills are crucial for conveying intricate ideas to students and fostering engaging classroom discussions. The ability to conduct impactful research and publish findings contributes to the advancement of philosophical knowledge and enhances the candidate’s credibility as an authority in the field. Mentorship skills are vital for guiding students’ academic and personal growth, while adaptability ensures effective teaching in a rapidly changing educational landscape.

Salary & Job Outlook

• Average Salary ($147,645)
• Job Outlook (3%)

The average salary of a Philosophy Professor is $147,645 per year .. The employment outlook for Philosophy Professor is very promising, with a projected growth of 3% from 2021 to 2031. This rate of growth is significantly faster than the average for all occupations, indicating a strong demand for professionals in this field.

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2. Ethical Consultant

As an Ethical Consultant, you hold a significant role in helping organizations navigate complex ethical dilemmas and make morally sound decisions. 

As An Ethical Consultant

Your job involves advising businesses, institutions, and individuals on ethical practices and ensuring they align with societal values and principles.

Your primary responsibility is to assess and analyze ethical challenges faced by clients. You’ll work closely with businesses, governments, or organizations to develop and implement ethical guidelines and policies. 

• Making a Positive Impact : You play a crucial role in promoting ethical conduct, contributing to a better society.
• Diverse Clientele : The opportunity to work with various clients across different industries enriches your experience and expertise.
• Flexibility : Ethical Consultants often have flexible work arrangements, including remote and freelance opportunities.

Ethical Consultants work in a flexible and diverse environment, engaging with a wide range of clients and complex ethical dilemmas. They conduct research and analysis to provide informed guidance, often collaborating with clients and stakeholders. Travel may be required for meetings or engagements. 

• Master of Business Administration (MBA): MBA programs with a focus on ethics and corporate governance emphasize responsible business practices. Graduates can pursue roles such as Chief Ethics Officer, Director of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), or Compliance Manager.
• Certification in Ethical Leadership or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): These certifications focus on ethical leadership, sustainability, and CSR initiatives. Certified professionals can explore positions such as Ethical Leadership Consultant, CSR Specialist, or Sustainability Manager.
• Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) in Ethics and Compliance: These programs offer advanced coursework in ethics, compliance regulations, and organizational ethics. Graduates can aim for roles like Ethics and Compliance Manager, Regulatory Compliance Officer, or Ethics Program Director.
• Certifications: Pursuing the Healthcare Ethics Consultant-Certified Program or HEC-C or Certified Compliance and Ethics Professional (CCEP) Certification can help you advance in your role. Certified professionals can pursue roles such as Healthcare Ethics Consultant, Compliance Officer in Healthcare, or Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer in healthcare organizations.
• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Ethics or Applied Ethics: A Ph.D. in ethics allows for in-depth research and academic expertise in ethical theory and applied ethics. Graduates can explore roles such as Ethics Researcher, Ethics Professor, or Senior Ethical Consultant.

A strong candidate possesses exceptional moral reasoning and ethical judgment, allowing you to evaluate complex ethical dilemmas effectively. A deep understanding of various ethical frameworks and compliance regulations is essential to provide guidance and solutions aligned with legal and moral standards. Excellent communication and interpersonal skills are crucial for effectively advising organizations and individuals on ethical matters. 

Moreover, adaptability is important in navigating the ever-evolving landscape of ethical challenges. Finally, a strong commitment to upholding the highest standards of integrity and ethical conduct in all professional endeavors is fundamental to the role of an Ethical Consultant.

• Average Salary ($82,045)
• Job Outlook (6%)

The average salary of an Ethical Consultant is $82,045 per year . This job will witness a growth of 6% from 2018 to 2028. 

3. Policy Analyst

As a Policy Analyst, you play a crucial role in shaping public policies and providing valuable insights to government organizations, think tanks, or research institutions. 

As a Policy Analyst

Your core responsibility is to analyze existing policies and propose new ones that align with the goals and needs of the organization or government entity you work for.

You’ll conduct extensive research, collect and analyze data, and use evidence-based approaches to assess the impact of policies. Additionally, you’ll prepare reports and presentations, communicate your findings to stakeholders, and collaborate with policymakers to implement effective solutions.

• Diverse Opportunities : Policy Analysts work in various sectors, such as government, non-profits, think tanks, and private consulting firms.
• Work-Life Balance : Depending on the employer, Policy Analysts may enjoy flexible work arrangements, such as remote work options.
• Competitive Salary : Policy Analysts enjoy a competitive salary and benefits packages.

Policy Analysts work in research-intensive environments, evaluating policies and their implications. They engage in office and fieldwork, collaborating with diverse stakeholders and experts. Deadlines and effective communication are essential, given tight schedules and the need to present complex analyses. 

• Master’s in Public Administration or Public Policy: Earning a master’s degree in public administration or public policy can help policy analysts advance to higher-level positions such as Senior Policy Analyst, Policy Manager, or Policy Director.
• Ph.D. in Policy Studies: Pursuing a Ph.D. in policy studies can lead to roles like Principal Policy Researcher or Chief Policy Strategist. These positions involve extensive research, policy evaluation, and often a leadership role in shaping an organization’s policy direction.
• Master’s in Economics or Economic Policy: With this degree, Policy Analysts enable analysts to focus on economic aspects of policy making and offer expert insights. Further studies in economics or economic policy can lead to roles as Economic Policy Consultants or Economic Policy Analysts.

Strong research skills and analytical thinking provide the ability to evaluate and formulate effective policies. Communication prowess aids in conveying complex policy recommendations to diverse stakeholders. And data interpretation and problem-solving contribute to evidence-based policy development.

Strong research skills are also necessary to facilitate the gathering and interpretation of relevant data for policy analysis. And you must have an understanding of political dynamics and the policymaking process.

• Average Salary ($72,468)
• Job Outlook (7%)

The average salary of a Policy Analyst is $72,468 per year . The demand for Policy Analysts is expected to continue to rise as governments and organizations seek expert insights to address complex societal challenges. This job will witness a growth of 7% through 2031, similar to Political Scientists.

As a Lawyer, you are a legal professional who represents and advises clients on various legal matters. This esteemed profession involves advocating for the rights and interests of individuals, businesses, or organizations in legal proceedings and providing expert legal guidance.

As a Lawyer

Your responsibilities include conducting legal research, preparing legal documents, such as contracts and pleadings, and presenting arguments in trials or hearings. Lawyers work in diverse areas of law, such as criminal, civil, corporate, family, environmental, and intellectual property, among others. 

• Career Versatility : Lawyers have the flexibility to work in various legal fields and choose areas that align with their interests and expertise.
• Financial Rewards : Successful Lawyers can enjoy lucrative earnings, especially in specialized areas of law.
• Job Stability : The legal profession typically provides good job stability and opportunities for advancement.

Lawyers work in diverse settings, from law firms to government agencies, requiring demanding and often long and irregular hours. They conduct in-depth legal research, interact with clients, and prepare legal documents. Lawyers experience high-pressure situations, tight deadlines, and ethical considerations from time to time. 

Litigation-focused Lawyers may need to appear in court regularly, while others may focus more on transactional work. 

• Law School (Juris Doctor – J.D.): After completing your undergraduate degree, you’ll need to attend law school to earn a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. Law school usually takes three years of full-time study or longer if you choose a part-time program. During law school, you will study various areas of law, including contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, and more.
• State Bar Exam: Once you’ve earned your J.D. degree, you must pass the bar examination in the state where you intend to practice law. The bar exam tests your knowledge of state-specific laws and legal principles. Passing the bar exam is a crucial step to become a licensed attorney.
• Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D. or J.S.D.): If you have a strong interest in legal research and scholarship, pursuing an S.J.D. or J.S.D. degree can allow you to engage in advanced legal research and contribute to legal academia. It’s a research-focused doctoral degree..

Exceptional critical thinking and logical reasoning are foundational for constructing persuasive legal arguments. Strong communication skills ensure effective representation of clients and presentation in court, while research proficiency and attention to detail support thorough case preparation and legal analysis.

• Average Salary ($141,589)
• Job Outlook (10%)

The average salary of a Lawyer is $141,589 per year . The job is likely to witness a growth of 10% through 2021 to 2031, which is faster than the average growth rate for all occupations.

While the legal profession remains competitive, the demand for legal services in various fields, including healthcare, intellectual property, and environmental law, is expected to drive job opportunities for Lawyers in the coming years.

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5. Journalist

As a journalist, you are a storyteller and investigator responsible for gathering, researching, and reporting news and information to the public through various media channels. This profession plays a vital role in keeping the public informed, uncovering stories, and bringing attention to critical issues.

As a Journalist

Your job involves seeking out news stories, conducting interviews, and investigating events to present accurate and unbiased information to the audience. Whether working for print, broadcast, online, or multimedia outlets, journalists must adhere to ethical standards while providing timely and comprehensive coverage of local, national, and international events. 

• Travel Opportunities : Journalists have the opportunity to travel. Sometimes it’s for a cover story. If you love to travel, being a Journalist will benefit you. 
• Access to Exclusive Events : Journalists often enjoy access to exclusive events that are not easily accessible to the general public. For those who excel in their field, the opportunity to cover world-class events that many aspire to attend becomes attainable.
• Constant Learning : Journalists are continuously exposed to new topics and challenges, promoting personal and intellectual growth.

Journalists work in diverse settings, covering fast-paced news with irregular hours and often traveling for fieldwork. They conduct research, interviews, and fact-checking to provide accurate and balanced stories. 

Adapting to changing trends and technologies, journalists engage with audiences through various media platforms.  

• Master’s in Journalism or Mass Communication: Journalists can pursue a master’s degree to enhance their reporting skills and specialize in areas like investigative journalism, broadcast journalism, or multimedia journalism. With advanced degrees, they can move into editorial positions such as Managing Editor or News Director.
• Ph.D. in Journalism: For those interested in research and academia, a Ph.D. in Journalism can lead to careers as Journalism Professors, where they can teach and conduct research on media and communication topics.
• Digital Marketing or Content Marketing Courses: These courses can help journalists transition into Content Marketing roles, where they create engaging content for brands and organizations. Advancement options may include Content Director or Marketing Manager positions.
• Public Policy or Political Science Degree : Journalists interested in political reporting can pursue further studies in public policy or political science. This can lead to roles as Political Analysts or Policy Reporters, with opportunities to advance to Chief Political Correspondent positions.

To excel as a journalist,certain skills are valuable. Effective communication skills enable the creation of compelling and accurate news stories and research prowess allows for thorough investigation and fact-checking to ensure journalistic integrity.

Adaptability and quick thinking are crucial for covering breaking news and emerging stories. Also, proficiency in gathering information from multiple sources and verifying facts.

• Average Salary ($76,620)

The average salary of a Journalist is $76,620 per year . The employment of news analysts, reporters, and journalists is expected to decrease by 3% from 2021 to 2031. This is due to the evolving media landscape and technological advancements.

6. Content Strategist

As a Content Strategist, you are a vital player in the world of digital marketing and communication. This dynamic profession involves planning, creating, and managing content across various platforms to effectively engage the target audience, enhance brand visibility, and achieve business goals.

As a Content Strategist

The role of a Content Strategist revolves around developing comprehensive content plans aligned with a company’s marketing objectives. You’ll conduct market research, analyze audience preferences, and identify content opportunities to create compelling and relevant content. 

Content Strategists collaborate with writers, designers, and marketers to ensure the content is coherent, consistent, and meets the brand’s voice and style. They track the performance of content campaigns, using analytics to refine strategies for optimal impact.

• Flexibility : Many Content Strategists can work remotely or as freelancers, providing flexibility in their work arrangements.
• Unlimited Income Potential : Becoming a Content Strategist offers unlimited income potential. Your earnings are directly linked to your business acumen and the level of dedication and effort you invest in your career. The stronger your skills and the more time and energy you commit, the higher your income potential becomes.
• Measurable Impact : Tracking content performance allows Content Strategists to see the tangible impact of their efforts on a brand’s success.

Content Strategists operate in diverse environments, often digital, collaborating with cross-functional teams to plan and create effective content aligned with business goals. They rely on research, creativity, and writing skills to engage audiences.  Their work focuses on user-centric, well-managed, and impactful content creation and distribution.

• Master’s in Marketing or Digital Marketing: Earning a master’s degree in marketing can provide content strategists with advanced knowledge in marketing strategies and consumer behavior. This can lead to roles as Marketing Managers or Marketing Directors.
• Certification in SEO (Search Engine Optimization): Specializing in SEO can enhance a content strategist’s ability to optimize content for search engines. This skill can be particularly valuable in becoming an SEO Specialist or SEO Manager.
• MBA: Pursuing an MBA can broaden a content strategist’s business acumen and leadership skills, opening doors to executive positions such as Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) or Chief Content Officer (CCO).
• User Experience (UX) or User Interface (UI) Design Courses: Understanding UX and UI design principles can be advantageous for content strategists involved in web and app content. This can lead to roles as UX/UI Content Managers or UX/UI Design Leads.

To excel as a Content Strategist, some skills are essential. Strong communication skills aid in crafting coherent and engaging content strategies aligned with brand identity. Strategic thinking enables the planning and execution of content campaigns to achieve business goals. And creativity and innovation contribute to the development of fresh and impactful content ideas.

• Average Salary ($85,115)

The average salary of a Content Strategist is $85,115 per year . As companies strive to enhance their online presence and engage audiences effectively, the demand for skilled Content Strategists is expected to grow steadily in the coming years. This job will witness a growth of 6% through 2031, similar to advertising and promotion managers.

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7. Non-profit/NGO Worker

Non-profit and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in addressing social issues, advocating for causes, and providing essential services to communities. Working in this sector offers a unique opportunity to make a positive impact on society and contribute to meaningful and purpose-driven initiatives.

As an NGO Worker

The profession of non-profit/NGO work involves a wide range of roles, from program management and community outreach to fundraising, advocacy, and administration.

Professionals in this field work towards the organization’s mission and goals, implementing projects, coordinating activities, engaging with stakeholders, and ensuring efficient use of resources. They collaborate with diverse teams, including volunteers, donors, and partner organizations, to address social challenges and bring about positive change.

• Social Impact : The opportunity to work on projects and initiatives that directly contribute to social good and improve the lives of others.
• Meaningful Work: A sense of purpose and fulfillment, knowing that your efforts are creating positive change in communities.
• Networking Opportunities : Considering that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) actively engage in various networking endeavors, both volunteers and staff members gain valuable exposure to diverse individuals and a wide range of viewpoints. The connections formed within the NGO sphere can evolve into personal contacts down the line. 
• Work-Life Balance : Some non-profits/NGOs offer flexible working hours and the possibility of remote work.

NGO/Non-Profit Workers are motivated by a strong mission, often working in diverse settings and collaborating with colleagues and partners. Their roles vary widely due to limited resources, requiring adaptability and creativity. Passion and dedication drive their work in addressing complex social challenges. 

• Master of Public Administration (MPA): An MPA program focuses on public sector management and can be beneficial for NGO leaders and administrators. This degree equips professionals with advanced management skills, financial expertise, and a deeper understanding of nonprofit operations, positioning them for leadership roles within NGOs.
• Master of Nonprofit Management (MNM): This degree specifically targets the unique challenges and opportunities of nonprofit organizations, providing skills in fundraising, grant writing, and nonprofit leadership. With this degree, professionals can become Nonprofit Executives, Program directors, or Fundraising managers.
• Master’s Degree in Social Work (MSW): Social workers play a crucial role in many NGOs, particularly those focused on social services and human welfare. MSW graduates can become Licensed Clinical Social Workers, Clinical Supervisors, or Directors of social services within NGOs.
• Master of International Affairs (MIA) or Master of International Development (MID): For those working in international NGOs or focusing on global issues, these programs offer expertise in international relations, development economics, and global policy. Professionals can advance to become International NGO Directors, Policy Analysts, or Global Program Managers.

To thrive in non-profit/NGO work, some attributes and skills are crucial. Effective communication skills facilitate stakeholder engagement, fundraising, and community outreach. Strategic planning and organizational skills contribute to the successful implementation of nonprofit initiatives. Empathy and a strong sense of social responsibility drive meaningful contributions to societal betterment.

• Average Salary ($55,893)
• Job Outlook (9%)

The average salary of a Non-Profit Worker is $55,893 per year . The job outlook is generally positive but the sector’s growth is influenced by factors such as funding availability, changes in government policies, and the specific focus areas of NGO organizations. This job will witness a growth of 9% through 2031, similar to Social and Community Service Managers.

8. Human Resources Specialist

As a Human Resource Specialist, you are a key asset in the field of HR management, responsible for facilitating the recruitment, development, and support of an organization’s workforce. This profession plays a vital role in promoting a positive work environment, fostering employee engagement, and ensuring the effective utilization of human capital.

As a Human Resource Specialist 

The job of a Human Resource Specialist involves a wide range of HR functions. You’ll be responsible for recruitment and selection, conducting interviews, and onboarding new employees. Also, you’ll support employee development through training and performance management programs, address workplace conflicts, and provide guidance on HR policies and procedures. 

• Versatile Opportunities : Human Resource Specialists can work in various industries, from corporations to non-profits and government agencies.
• Meaningful Impact: Your role as an HR Specialist allows you to make a meaningful impact on the lives of employees and the success of the organization. By fostering a positive work environment, handling employee relations, and supporting talent development, you contribute to the well-being and growth of both individuals and the company.
• Diverse Skill Development: Being an HR Specialist provides you with the opportunity to develop a diverse skill set. From recruitment and talent management to employee engagement and labor relations, you gain expertise in various aspects of human resources, making you a versatile and valuable professional.
• Building Strong Relationships: As an HR Specialist, you have the chance to build strong relationships with employees, managers, and stakeholders. Your ability to connect with people and understand their needs fosters trust and collaboration, making you an integral part of the organization.

HR Specialists work in office settings, handling diverse responsibilities related to employee management. They collaborate with colleagues and employees, addressing recruitment, training, employee relations, and compliance. 

Confidentiality and ethical standards are crucial, given their involvement in sensitive matters. 

• Master’s in Human Resource Management: Earning a master’s degree in HR management can provide HR specialists with advanced knowledge in HR strategy, labor relations, and organizational development. This can lead to roles as HR Managers, HR Directors, or even Chief Human Resources Officers (CHROs).
• Certification in HR Specializations: Many HR specialists choose to pursue specialized certifications, such as Professional in Human Resources (PHR) or Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR), to demonstrate expertise in specific areas like compensation, benefits, or employee relations.
• MBA: Pursuing an MBA with a focus on HR or organizational management can broaden an HR specialist’s business acumen and leadership skills, opening doors to executive positions like Vice President of HR.
• Ph.D. in HR or Organizational Psychology: For those interested in research and academia, pursuing a Ph.D. in HR or organizational psychology can lead to opportunities as professors or researchers in HR departments or business schools.

To excel as a Human Resource Specialist, some skills are essential. Excellent interpersonal skills enable effective employee communication, conflict resolution, and team management. Analytical thinking supports data-driven decision-making in talent acquisition, development, and retention. And understanding of labor laws and regulations ensures legal compliance and fair treatment of employees.

• Average Salary ($64,240)
• Job Outlook (8%)

The average salary of a Human Resource Specialist is $64,240 per year . Organizations recognize the significance of skilled HR professionals in attracting and retaining talent, enhancing employee engagement, and maintaining compliance with labor laws, contributing to a positive job outlook for HR specialists. This job will witness a growth of 8% from 2021 to 2031.

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9. Research Analyst

As a Research Analyst, you play a critical role in various industries, gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data to provide valuable insights and support decision-making processes. This profession is integral to the advancement of knowledge, market intelligence, and evidence-based strategies.

As a Research Analyst 

Your job entails conducting extensive research, collecting and organizing data, and using statistical methods and analytical tools to interpret findings.

Research Analysts work on diverse projects, ranging from market research and consumer behavior analysis to policy evaluation and scientific studies. They collaborate with interdisciplinary teams, write reports, and present their findings to stakeholders. 

• Intellectual Stimulation : Your role as a Research Analyst offers constant intellectual stimulation and challenges. Conducting research, analyzing data, and drawing insights require critical thinking and problem-solving skills, keeping your mind engaged and motivated.
• Versatility and Career Opportunities: Research Analysts are in demand across various industries, such as finance, healthcare, marketing, technology, and more. Your research and analytical skills make you versatile and open doors to diverse career opportunities.
• Remote Work Potential : Many Research Analyst positions allow for remote work or flexible schedules.

Research Analysts work in data-focused office environments, conducting in-depth research and analysis. They collaborate with colleagues and clients, often juggling multiple projects with tight deadlines. Research Analysts contribute across sectors, from finance to academia, addressing various topics. They evaluate existing research, solve problems, and play a pivotal role in providing reliable insights that inform decision-making in diverse industries.

• Master’s in Business Administration (MBA): Pursuing an MBA can provide Research Analysts with a broader understanding of business operations and strategy. This can open up opportunities for advancement into managerial or executive roles, such as Research Manager, Director of Research, or even Chief Research Officer.
• Master’s in Data Science or Analytics: With the growing importance of data in decision-making, gaining expertise in data science or analytics can be valuable for Research Analysts. It can lead to roles like Data Analyst , Business Intelligence Analyst, or Data Scientist .
• Certification in Data Analysis or Market Research: Obtaining certifications in data analysis or market research, such as the Certified Market Researcher Professional (CMRP), can enhance skills and credibility in the field.
• Ph.D. in a Related Field: Pursuing a Ph.D. in a related field, such as economics, psychology, or social sciences, can open doors to more advanced research positions, teaching opportunities, or roles in academia.

To excel as a Research Analyst, some skills are vital. Strong research skills allow for thorough data collection and analysis to generate valuable insights. Data interpretation and critical thinking enable evidence-based recommendations for organizations. And proficiency in data analysis tools facilitates accurate and meaningful reporting of research findings.

• Average Salary ($69,352)
• Job Outlook (13%)

The average salary of a Research Analyst is $69,352 per year . The job market for market Research Analysts is expected to experience rapid growth, with a projected increase of 13%  from 2021 to 2031. This growth rate surpasses the average for all occupations, indicating strong demand for professionals in this field.

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10. Mediator

As a Mediator, you are a neutral third party who facilitates communication and negotiation between conflicting parties to help them reach mutually acceptable solutions. This profession plays a crucial role in resolving disputes and fostering constructive dialogue in various contexts, such as legal, workplace, community, and family settings.

As a Mediator

The job of a Mediator involves acting as an impartial intermediary between parties in conflict. Mediators meet with both sides to understand their perspectives and concerns, identify common ground, and explore potential resolutions. They guide the conversation, maintain a respectful and constructive atmosphere, and help parties find mutually agreeable solutions to their disputes. 

• Entrepreneurship Opportunity : You can launch your own mediation business and focus more on cases you are most passionate about. 
• Diverse Opportunities : Mediators work in various settings, including courts, workplaces, schools, community organizations, and family services.
• Flexibility : Some Mediators work independently, providing the flexibility to set their own schedules.

Mediators work in neutral settings, aiding in conflict resolution by fostering open dialogue and seeking equitable solutions between disputing parties. Some Mediators may have flexible work arrangements, allowing them to schedule sessions at mutually convenient times.

Mediators often conduct sessions in neutral and private locations to maintain a confidential and comfortable environment.

• Advanced Mediation Training: Completing advanced mediation training can lead to recognition as a specialist in specific mediation areas, such as divorce mediation or international diplomacy, enhancing career prospects and the ability to handle more intricate cases.
• Master’s Degree in Conflict Resolution : With a master’s degree, Mediators can advance to leadership roles within mediation organizations, manage larger teams of Mediators, or become Consultants for organizations seeking conflict resolution expertise.
• Ph.D. in Conflict Resolution: A Ph.D. can open doors to academic positions, allowing Mediators to become Professors, publish influential research, or assume advisory roles for government agencies, think tanks, or international organizations, significantly advancing the field.

To excel as a Mediator, some skills are essential. Effective communication skills foster constructive dialogue and facilitate resolution in conflicts. Empathy and active listening aid in understanding the perspectives and needs of parties involved. And problem-solving and negotiation abilities contribute to finding mutually acceptable solutions.

Mediators must remain unbiased and neutral throughout the mediation process. And they should possess the ability to actively listen and understand the perspectives and emotions of each party.

• Average Salary ($82,199)
• Job Outlook (5%)

The average salary of a Mediator is $82,199 per year. This job is likely to witness a growth of 5% from 2021 to 2031, which is roughly in line with the average growth rate for all occupations. This is because Mediators are increasingly sought after in various contexts, including civil disputes, family matters, workplace conflicts, and community issues.

11. Publisher/Editor

As a publisher or editor, you play a crucial role in the world of literature and media, overseeing the creation and publication of written content. This profession involves shaping and refining manuscripts, ensuring their quality and relevance, and bringing them to the public through various mediums, such as books, magazines, or digital platforms.

As a Publisher/Editor

The job of a publisher or editor involves a multifaceted process of identifying potential manuscripts or articles, reviewing submissions, and making decisions on what content to publish. Editors work closely with authors to refine their writing, ensuring clarity, coherence, and adherence to style guidelines. 

• Versatility : The role spans across various genres and media, from traditional publishing to digital content.
• Flexibility : Many publishers and editors have the flexibility to work from home or freelance.
• Professional Growth : Opportunities to advance to higher editorial positions or take on broader publishing responsibilities.

Publishers/editors work in office settings, collaborating with authors and professionals in various roles. But many editors and publishers can work remotely, especially in the age of digital publishing.

Publishers make decisions based on market trends, negotiating terms with authors and stakeholders. And working on publishing schedules often means adhering to tight deadlines.

• Master’s Degree in Journalism or Publishing: Pursuing a master’s degree in journalism or publishing can provide Editors or Publishers with advanced skills in content management, digital publishing, and media ethics. It can help them advance to positions, such as Senior Editorial or as Directors of publishing houses.
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Writing: Editors and publishers interested in enhancing their creative writing and storytelling skills may opt for an MFA. With this degree, they can advance to roles like Creative Directors or Literary Agents.
• MBA: An MBA can be beneficial for editors and publishers aspiring to take on leadership roles within media companies. With business acumen and management expertise, they can advance to executive positions such as CEO or Managing Director.
• Ph.D. in Journalism or Literature: Pursuing a Ph.D. in journalism or literature can lead to academic careers as professors or researchers. Editors and publishers with a Ph.D. can also become Subject Matter Experts or Consultants in their niche, contributing to thought leadership within their industry.

To excel as a publisher or editor, several attributes and skills are vital. Proficiency in language and grammar ensures high-quality content in published materials. Attention to detail supports thorough editing and fact-checking for accuracy. And creativity and an eye for engaging content contribute to attracting and retaining readers.

• Average Salary ($73,080)
• Job Outlook (-4%)

The average salary of a Publisher or Editor is $73,080 per year . This job is likely to witness a decline by 4% from 2021 to 2031. This is due to opportunities in digital media and self-publishing platforms.

12. Education Administrator

Education Administrators play a pivotal role in the field of education, overseeing the planning, implementation, and management of educational institutions.

This profession involves making strategic decisions to ensure effective learning environments, supporting teachers and staff, and promoting the overall growth and success of students and the educational community.

As an Education Administrator

The job of an Education Administrator entails a diverse range of responsibilities. They work at different levels, from school principals and assistant principals to district-level superintendents and college or university deans.

Education Administrators are responsible for developing and implementing policies, curriculum, and educational programs. They manage budgets, ensure compliance with educational standards and regulations, and collaborate with teachers, staff, parents, and community stakeholders to create a positive and conducive learning environment.

Additionally, Education Administrators assess student performance, evaluate teachers, and lead professional development initiatives.

• Leadership Opportunities : The role provides opportunities for leadership and professional growth.
• Influence on Policies : Education Administrators can influence educational policies and initiatives.
• Work-Life Balance: A lot of education administrative positions offer reasonable work hours and a good work-life balance.

Education Administrators work in educational institutions, overseeing operations and holding leadership positions. They collaborate with various stakeholders, make decisions, and ensure compliance with regulations. 

The job can be demanding, with responsibilities related to budgets, policies, and student outcomes. But they may have  some work flexibility during evenings or weekends for school events.

• Master’s in Education Leadership: Pursuing a master’s degree in education leadership or administration can equip education administrators with advanced leadership skills. It can help them become Principal, Superintendent, or Director of Education at the district or state level.
• Doctorate in Educational Administration: For those aiming for the highest levels of leadership, a Ph.D. or Ed.D. in educational administration. With this degree, they can become College Deans, University Provosts, or Education Policymakers at the state or national level.
• Education Policy and Advocacy Courses: Education Administrators interested in shaping education policy and advocating for educational reform can benefit from courses in education policy analysis and advocacy. With this course, they can become Education Policy Analysts or Lobbyists.

An excellent Education Administrator, certain attributes and skills are vital. Leadership and organizational skills enable effective management of educational institutions and programs. Communication and interpersonal abilities facilitate collaboration among faculty, students, and staff. Strategic planning supports curriculum development and initiatives that enhance the learning environment.

• Average Salary ($99,940)
• Job Outlook (4%)

The average salary of an Education Administrator is $99,940 per year . This job will witness a growth of 4% from 2021 to 2031, with the need for effective leadership in educational settings and an emphasis on improving educational systems. 

13. Social Media Manager

This profession involves creating and curating content, managing social media platforms, analyzing performance metrics, and staying up-to-date with digital marketing trends. It revolves around creating and implementing social media marketing plans. 

As a Social Media Manager

Social Media Managers curate and create engaging content, such as posts, videos, and graphics, to attract and retain followers. They schedule posts, respond to comments and messages, and track social media analytics to measure the effectiveness of campaigns. 

• Flexibility : Many Social Media Managers can work remotely or freelance, offering flexible schedules.
• Entrepreneurship : Some Social Media Managers run their own freelance or consultancy businesses.
• Job Security : As businesses increasingly rely on social media, the demand for Social Media Managers remains strong.

Social Media Managers work in a fast-paced, digital environment, often with remote work possibilities. They create engaging content, manage multiple platforms, and interact with followers to build community. Many Social Media Managers can work remotely, managing accounts from anywhere with internet access.

• Advanced Social Media Marketing Courses: Enrolling in advanced courses in social media marketing or digital marketing can deepen a Social Media Manager’s expertise and lead to more strategic roles in marketing or advertising agencies.
• Master’s in Marketing or Digital Media: Pursuing a master’s degree in marketing or digital media can provide a broader understanding of marketing principles. With this degree, Social Media Managers can become Marketing Director or Brand Manager.
• Data Analytics and Big Data Courses: Gaining proficiency in data analytics, particularly related to social media metrics, can open doors to positions as Data Analysts or Business Intelligence Analysts.
• Content Strategy and Copywriting Courses: Courses in content strategy and copywriting can help Social Media Managers become more effective at content creation and strategy. It helps them advance to roles like Content Marketing Managers or Content Strategists.
• Social Media Management Certification: Obtaining industry-recognized certifications like the Hootsuite Social Marketing Certification or Facebook Blueprint Certification can enhance a Social Media Manager’s credibility and career prospects.

Strong communication skills drive engaging and relatable content creation for social media platforms. Adaptability and knowledge of emerging trends enable effective navigation of ever-changing digital landscapes. 

Data analysis and performance tracking inform strategy adjustments for optimal social media impact.

• Average Salary ($58,181)

The average salary of a Social Media Manager is $58,181 per year . This job will witness a growth of 10% through 2031, similar to Advertising Managers. 

• Hiring a Social Media Manager: Job Description Template
• How to Make Money as a Freelance Social Media Manager

14. Marketing Analyst

Marketing Analysts play a crucial role in the field of marketing and business strategy, utilizing data analysis to inform marketing campaigns, measure performance, and identify consumer trends.

This profession involves collecting and interpreting data, conducting market research, and providing valuable insights to help businesses make data-driven marketing decisions.

As a Marketing Analyst

The job of a Marketing Analyst revolves around analyzing marketing data to gain insights into consumer behavior, market trends, and the effectiveness of marketing efforts. They collaborate with marketing teams to define key performance indicators (KPIs) and use various analytics tools to track and measure marketing metrics. 

• Diverse Industries : Marketing Analysts can work across various industries and sectors.
• High Demand : Skilled Marketing Analysts are in high demand, ensuring job security and competitive salaries.
• Professional Growth : With experience and expertise, Marketing Analysts can progress to more senior roles, such as senior Marketing Analyst, marketing strategist, or marketing insights manager. These advancements come with increased responsibility and career growth.

Marketing Analysts work in marketing departments, research firms and consulting companies office settings, analyzing data to inform marketing strategies. They collaborate with teams like marketing teams, data scientists, and other analysts to deliver insights.

Data analysis can be done online. So, data analysts can work from home or remotely.

• Master’s in Marketing Analytics: Pursuing a master’s degree in marketing analytics or a related field can provide Marketing Analysts with advanced analytical skills and open up opportunities for more senior roles in data analysis and marketing strategy.
• Data Science and Machine Learning Courses: Learning data science and machine learning techniques can enhance a Marketing Analyst’s ability to derive insights from complex data sets. It helps them become a Data Scientist or Data Analyst.
• Digital Marketing Certifications: Obtaining certifications in digital marketing, such as Google Analytics or HubSpot Inbound Marketing , can bolster a Marketing Analyst’s expertise in online marketing channels. With this certification, they can advance to roles like Digital Marketing Specialist or Online Advertising Manager.
• MBA or Business Management Degree : Pursuing an MBA or a master’s degree in business management can lead to broader leadership roles such as Marketing Manager or Director of Marketing.
• Certification in Marketing Automation: With the rise of marketing automation platforms, gaining certification in tools like Marketo or Salesforce Marketing Cloud can be valuable for Marketing Analysts interested in roles as Marketing Automation Specialists.

Data interpretation and analytical thinking support the assessment of market trends and consumer behavior. Research skills aid in competitive analysis and the identification of strategic marketing opportunities. 

Your strategic thinking and creativity contribute to the development of effective marketing campaigns.

• Average Salary ($73,609)

The average salary of a Marketing Analyst is $73,609 per year. This job will witness a growth of 13% through 2031, similar to Marketing Research Analyst. 

15. Entrepreneur

An Entrepreneur is an individual who initiates, manages, and takes the risks involved in creating and operating a business or venture. This profession involves identifying opportunities, developing innovative ideas, and implementing strategies to bring products, services, or solutions to the market.

As an Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurs start by identifying a need or gap in the market, conducting market research, and formulating a business plan. They raise capital, assemble a team, and oversee the day-to-day operations. Entrepreneurs often face challenges in building their businesses and must be adaptable, resilient, and creative in solving problems and seizing opportunities. 

• Autonomy : Entrepreneurs have the freedom to make independent decisions and chart their own business paths.
• Financial Rewards : Successful Entrepreneurs can enjoy significant financial rewards and potential wealth.
• Personal Fulfillment: Achieving personal goals and making a positive impact on society through their ventures.
• Flexibility : Entrepreneurs can often set their own work schedules and working environments.

Entrepreneurs work independently, navigating uncertainties and taking on various roles to run their businesses. They make critical decisions, adapt to market changes, and innovate to address challenges. 

Balancing the demands of entrepreneurship may require dedicated effort to maintain work-life balance. They also face financial risks and uncertainties in the early stages of their ventures.

• MBA: Pursuing an MBA can provide Entrepreneurs with comprehensive business knowledge, leadership skills, and a network of contacts. This advanced degree can be especially valuable for those looking to scale their ventures or transition to corporate leadership roles.
• Master’s in Entrepreneurship: Specialized master’s programs in entrepreneurship offer in-depth training in starting, managing, and growing businesses. These programs often include mentorship and access to startup resources.
• Industry-Specific Certifications: Depending on the Entrepreneur’s industry, certifications such as project management professional (PMP), digital marketing, or supply chain management can provide valuable skills and credibility.
• Ph.D. in Entrepreneurship: For those interested in research or teaching, a Ph.D. in entrepreneurship can lead to roles in academia, consulting, or policy development.

Innovative thinking and creativity drive the development of unique business ideas and solutions. Resilience and adaptability are crucial for navigating challenges and uncertainty in entrepreneurship. And strategic planning and risk assessment contribute to effective business management and growth.

• Average Salary ($115,390)

The average salary of an Entrepreneur is $115,390 per year . The demand for Entrepreneurs is likely to grow by 6% through 2028. 

Using the right idea, strategy, and execution, entrepreneurship can lead to significant financial success and personal fulfillment, making it an appealing career choice for those with an entrepreneurial spirit.

Making the Right Career Choice

As we’ve seen, a degree in philosophy is far reaching. It goes beyond conventional academia and opens the doors to a multitude of possibilities across different fields. The time has come for you to decide! Which career direction will you pursue?

By identifying your strengths, interests, and ambitions, you’ve established a solid foundation for making an informed career decision. Just as philosophers dissect intricate concepts with precision, it’s crucial for you to analyze your own inclinations and aspirations. This self-assessment will guide you towards aligning your interests, passions, and professional goals, helping you pinpoint the ideal career path.

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As a PhD student in the Harvard philosophy program, you’ll have the opportunity to develop your ideas, knowledge, and abilities. You'll work with other doctoral students, our faculty, and visiting scholars, all in a stimulating and supportive environment. The program has strengths across a broad range of topics and areas, so you'll be able to pursue your interests wherever they may lead, especially in moral and political philosophy, aesthetics, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of logic, philosophy of language, the history of analytic philosophy, ancient philosophy, Immanuel Kant, and 19th and 20th century European philosophy. 

Incoming cohorts consist of five to eight students per year. You will have substantial access to our renowned faculty and all the resources that Harvard makes available. This relatively small size also gives students a sense of intellectual community.

The curriculum is structured to help you make your way towards a dissertation: graduate-level coursework, a second-year research paper, a prospectus to help you identify a dissertation topic, and then the dissertation itself. Recent dissertations in the department have addressed a broad range of topics: Aristotle, Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau; contemporary moral and political philosophy; metaphysics; epistemology; and logic.

In addition to your research, you will also have the opportunity to develop your teaching skills in many different settings across the University.

You can find graduates of the PhD program in many universities. Recent graduates have gone on to tenure track positions at Yale University, Princeton University, Brown University, Northwestern University, Boston University, University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, Washington University, and the University of Rochester. Other graduates have gone on to diverse careers in, among others, the arts, law, secondary education, and technology.

In addition to the standard PhD in philosophy, the department offers a PhD in classical philosophy in collaboration with the Department of the Classics and a coordinated JD/PhD program in conjunction with Harvard Law School. The department also offers a track in Indian Philosophy (administered jointly by Philosophy and South East Asian Studies.

Additional information on the graduate program is available from the Department of Philosophy and requirements for the degree are detailed in Policies .

Areas of Study

Philosophy | Classical Philosophy | Indian Philosophy 

For information please consult the Department webpage on the  graduate program overview .

Admissions Requirements

Please review the admissions requirements and other information before applying. You can find degree program specific admissions requirements below and access additional guidance on applying from the Department of Philosophy .

Academic Background

Applicants to the program in Philosophy are required to have a strong undergraduate background in philosophy (or its equivalent), indicating that they have a good grounding in the history of philosophy, as well as familiarity with contemporary work in ethics, epistemology and metaphysics, and logic.

Personal Statement

Standardized tests.

GRE General: Optional GRE Subject: Optional

Writing Sample

A writing sample is required as part of the application and should be between 12 to 30 pages long. The sample must address a substantial philosophical problem, whether it is an evaluation or presentation of an argument, or a serious attempt to interpret a difficult text. The upload of the writing sample should be formatted for 8.5-inch x 11-inch paper, 1-inch margins, with double-spaced text in a common 12-point font, such as Times New Roman.

Applicants seeking admission to the coordinated JD/PhD program must apply to and be separately admitted to Harvard Law School and the Department of Philosophy.

Theses and Dissertations

Theses & Dissertations for Philosophy

See list of Philosophy faculty

APPLICATION DEADLINE

Questions about the program.

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What Can You Do With a Philosophy Degree? [18+ Job Options]

For thousands of years, philosophy has provided an intellectual framework for humankind’s most profound questions. In academia, philosophy is the study of knowledge and human existence, and leads those who practice it to ask questions like:

• Who are we?
• Why are we here?
• Why do we believe what we believe?
• what should we do with our time?

Philosophers (those who study and present on philosophical ideas) consider fundamental conundrums that revolve around concepts like:

• Right and wrong
• Truth and falsehood
• The meaning of life
• the nature of human existence
• The reality in which we live

The formal study of philosophy requires a significant measure of discipline. Philosophy students must demonstrate skill in analytical, systematic, and critical thinking, as well as keep their minds open to new or unfamiliar systems of thought. Putting philosophical ideas into context requires the study of history, sociology, and even world cultures; therefore, there is a strong research component to this field of study. 

Earning a bachelor’s or master’s degree in philosophy can prepare graduates for a wide range of careers that align with the analytical, investigative nature of philosophical study. Possible careers that align with a philosophy degree include law, education, ministry, finance, or public service, to name a few.

Types of Philosophy Degrees

As with any liberal arts discipline, philosophy degrees are offered at the undergraduate and graduate levels. In fact, PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy, which is the highest academic degree one can earn in any field except medicine or theology, and attests to the graduate’s ability to contribute original research to their field.

In a philosophy bachelor’s degree program, students learn the basic principles of logic and reasoning while building their skills of analysis, critical thinking, written and oral communication, and constructing logical arguments. After earning their undergraduate degree in philosophy, many people go on to pursue legal studies, seminary, a PhD, or a Master of Business Administration . 

A philosophy master’s degree program will further hone the skills developed in an undergraduate program while introducing more complex theories and concentrations, such as aesthetics, political philosophy, ethics, or the philosophy of religion. Most master’s programs culminate in a capstone project or thesis paper.

A doctorate , or the aforementioned Doctor of Philosophy , is the highest academic degree available in the discipline. This program focuses primarily on dissertation, wherein the student will conduct original research and present their findings on a topic of their choosing. Additional exams, graduate seminars, and language proficiency may be required. Upon completion, graduates will be eligible to teach at the university level.

The faculty of any university philosophy department is an excellent resource when it comes to determining which degree track is best for your goals. Alumni can also offer invaluable advice on choosing degree programs, internships, and concentrations, depending on your career objectives and interests.

Top 18 Careers For Philosophy Graduates [Plus Salary Data]

Earning a philosophy degree can open up endless career opportunities in almost every field. Positions in education, law, and the clergy are common for philosophy degree holders, but graduates who enter the fields of health care, business, marketing, and even financial services are not unusual.

Because of this wide array of possibilities, there is no definitive salary range for someone with a philosophy degree. According to Payscale, the average salary for a person with a bachelor’s degree in philosophy is $72,000 a year with extremes on either end. However, many philosophy degree holders experience more than a 100 percent salary increase by the middle of their careers.   

Here is a breakdown of some of the careers available to a philosophy degree holder, with the average salary one can expect in each field. Bear in mind that the majority of these professions require additional schooling and training beyond a bachelor’s (or even master’s) degree in philosophy.

Source: Salary.com

What Skills Does a Philosophy Degree Help You Build?

An academic philosophy program requires that students develop fundamental skills that will help them succeed in their coursework and the professional world. Philosophy students develop the ability to: 

• Write and speak clearly and effectively 
• Conduct diligent research 
• Organize research and presentation materials 
• Cite their work 
• Manage their time well
• Work independently
• Take initiative on projects 
• Adapt to changing circumstances
• Remain flexible 
• Work well with others or as part of a team

While most philosophy programs don’t include concrete instruction in a specific career, students can develop crucial, hard-to-teach skills that will be invaluable in their professional careers. Often called “soft skills,” these are the skills that can make the difference between being a job applicant and a new hire.

Upon graduation, students with a philosophy degree are able to: 

• Use critical thinking to form their own opinions on challenging topics
• Analyze research to determine the best approach
• Identify and solve problems creatively and effectively
• Synthesize complex topics and present them succinctly
• Generate original ideas
• Distinguish subtle differences between things without overlooking similarities 
• Formulate logical and compelling arguments
• Take an objective view of opposing positions
• Predict consequences of various actions
• Make decisions based on careful and logical analysis
• Suggest alternative approaches or courses of action
• Interpret and assess various thoughts and theories

Advanced Degrees for Philosophy Graduates

People who’ve earned their bachelor’s degree in philosophy may be unsure what to do next. Since a philosophy degree does not guarantee a specific career, further schooling may be required. Here are the most popular advanced degrees chosen by philosophy majors: 

Juris Doctor (JD)

This is the minimum degree required to practice law in the U.S. It is considered a professional degree, as opposed to a research or academic degree, since it prepares graduates for a specific line of non-academic work. Philosophy students who excel at logic and reasoning, ethics, and the development and defense of coherent arguments often go on to earn their JD and obtain their lawyer’s license.   

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Since this degree can apply to any field besides medicine and theology, many philosophy majors will choose a PhD program to deepen their knowledge in a specific subject, such as English or chemistry. A PhD requires original research and the defense of an original argument, two skills that are prioritized in philosophy. A philosophy major who wants to become a professor in any subject will need to earn a PhD. 

Master of Business Administration (MBA)

Excelling in analysis, creative problem solving, and distillation of information are crucial for business professionals, which can include entrepreneurs, investors, or executives. An MBA program offers specialties in areas like business ethics and human resources, two of the many aspects of business that leverage philosophical reasoning skills.

Master of Theological Studies (MTS), Divinity (MDiv), or Ministry (MMin)

Though these degrees prepare students for different career tracks, they are all concerned with the study of religion and how it impacts humanity. Students examine questions of faith, human existence, divine presence, and morality — concepts that are tightly intertwined with and informed by philosophy. (In fact, these degrees often require a background in philosophy, such as a bachelor’s degree.) Whether becoming a minister, religious educator, or spiritual counselor is the goal, any of these degrees are an ideal fit for someone with a foundation in philosophy who wishes to build a deeper intellectual connection to their faith.

Frequently Asked Questions: Philosophy Careers

Q. What jobs can I get with a philosophy degree?

A. Since a philosophy degree program does not concentrate on a specific field, the career options are nearly endless. Philosophy degree holders are often ideally prepared for careers in education, law, ministry, business, writing, or research.  

Q. How long does a philosophy degree take?

A. Depending on the level of the degree program, a philosophy degree can take anywhere from two to four years. Bachelor’s degrees typically take four years; master’s degrees typically take two; and doctorate programs can take as few as four and as many as eight years, depending on the area of study and previous degrees earned.

Q. Which graduate programs prefer a philosophy undergrad degree?

A. Any advanced degree that focuses on philosophy may stipulate that applicants have earned at least a bachelor’s degree in philosophy. Theological or religious degree programs — such as a Master of Theological Studies , Master of Divinity, or Master of Ministry — prefer that applicants have an academic background in philosophy.  

Q. What does a philosopher do?

A. In a professional capacity, philosophers can write books and papers, present lectures, conduct research, and teach courses on philosophy. While few people make a career as a philosopher today, the versatility of the discipline translates to many different careers.

Q. How much can I make with a philosophy degree?

A. Since a philosophy degree is not designed to lead to a specific career, the available careers and salaries can vary widely. For example, a philosophy degree graduate can enter nonprofit administration and make $40,000 a year, or earn their Juris Doctor and make over $120,000 a year as a lawyer.

Q. How does a philosophy degree connect to a theology degree?

A. Theology grapples with existential questions of faith, morality, and purpose, and therefore shares significant crossover with philosophy. Since theology is the academic study of religion, it requires extensive research and writing, as well as the ability to interpret theoretical texts and form compelling arguments. Since it incorporates so many of the same elements of philosophy, a master’s degree in theological studies is an ideal next step for the philosophy graduate who wishes to pursue a faith-related career. 

If you are interested in pursuing an advanced degree after earning your bachelor’s degree in philosophy , a college advisor can help you identify your next steps. The University of San Diego offers a range of on-campus, online, and hybrid degree programs that benefit from a background in philosophy, including a Master of Theological Studies , a Master of Business Administration , and a Juris Doctor , among many others.

Connect with a USD advisor today to take the next step toward your future.

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What can you do with a philosophy degree?

Why study a philosophy degree our essential guide to what you will learn on a philosophy course, what you should study to get your place on a degree, and what jobs you can get once you graduate..

What jobs can you get with a philosophy degree?  

Philosophy graduates think about the big questions in life and have the ability to analyse and communicate complex ideas intelligently. These are skills that employers value and can lead to several career paths. 

Some common careers for philosophy graduates include:  

• Arbitrator  
• Business analyst  
• Civil Service officer  
• Government officer  
• Human resources officer  
• Journalist  
• Marketing executive  
• Non-profit officer  
• Policy officer  
• Psychotherapist  
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What is philosophy?

Philosophy is the study of the nature of existence, knowledge, truth and ethics. It involves consideration of the most fundamental questions about who we are, and examines philosophical thought across the breadth of history right up to the present day.

It hones your ability to reason effectively and form coherent arguments, to write persuasively, and improves your logical and critical thinking. It challenges your understanding and assumptions of concepts like human nature and whether God exists. The diverse sub-sections of philosophy address questions ranging from why we dream to whether free will exists.

Expect lots of essays, chances to debate different philosophical theories and set texts, and the opportunity to diversify your studies to explore philosophy further.

Explore the best universities for arts and humanities degrees

What do you learn in a philosophy degree.

The first year of a philosophy degree usually has broad modules, offering you a solid grounding in fundamental ideas and arguments. From second and third year, students tend to begin to specialise or choose a particular pathway or modules that best reflect their interests.

Undergraduate courses tend to take three but sometimes four years. Modules can include logic, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, ethics, philosophy of science and political philosophy. Many modules are heavily essay-based, which can lead to independent research and dissertations towards the end of your degree.

Philosophy is often classed as a humanities degree, although there are strands that are in fact closer to mathematics and science. It can be taken as a single honours subject or in addition to another subject. It is particularly complemented by humanities courses like history, politics, English literature, law, a language or classics, but also by science subjects like maths, computer science, physics and psychology.

Consider the size of the groups, whether you want to be part of a smaller or larger department of philosophy, whether it’s more lecture-led or focused on smaller seminars, and the links the department has with other faculties. Look closely at the modules on offer and don’t be afraid to chat to department representatives about the aspects you’re particularly interested in.

Many students have the opportunity to complete work experience in the final year of their degree.

What can you do with a languages degree? What can you do with an English literature degree? What can you do with an English language degree? What can you do with a psychology degree? What can you do with a politics degree? What can you do with a philosophy degree? What can you do with a theology degree?

What should I study at high school if I want to study philosophy?

Broadly speaking, students who like reading, analysis and forming arguments might enjoy undergraduate philosophy.

Many students don't have the option to study philosophy as a formal subject at high school. Universities do recognise this and no specific subjects are necessary in order to apply for a philosophy degree, but you might find suggestions of useful or related subjects on university websites. You may find an essay based subject such as English is helpful, as is a science or mathematics which can help you hone your logic. A language may also be useful. 

What do people who study philosophy do after graduation?

The skills learned on a philosophy degree include clear and analytical thinking, persuasive writing and speaking innovative questioning and effective reasoning.

These skills are highly transferable to a range of careers, such as teaching, PR, communications, publishing, HR, advertising and many more.

Often, the parts of a philosophy course you enjoy the most can be a good indication of where you might want to go with it. If you’re interested in justice you may want to pursue a career in the legal field, an interest in ethics might take you into politics, journalism, or the civil service, or if logic’s your thing you may be attracted to business or science.

Alex Court studied philosophy at University College Dublin , which became a springboard to a successful career in journalism.

“My degree taught me how to construct a persuasive argument and clearly articulate a point of view. I learned that no matter what your belief is, it’s only as strong as your ability to persuade others that one set of beliefs is more logical than another,” he says.

“This way of thinking about argumentation and persuasion has really helped me develop a career in journalism and corporate communications.” Alex went on to study a master’s degree in journalism and write breaking news stories for CNN, the BBC and Bloomberg. He later joined the United Nations Refugee Agency in a communications role.

Which famous people studied philosophy?

Among those who studied philosophy at university are former US president Bill Clinton, who spent time at the Harvard University . Director Wes Anderson studied it at the University of Texas and actor Ricky Gervais, graduated from UCL with a degree in philosophy

Other famous philosophy graduates include novelist Dame Iris Murdoch, who studied at the Yale University .

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